The FITT Principle

...in relation to injury prevention

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What is the FITT Principle?
The FITT Principle (or formula) is a great way of monitoring your exercise program. The acronym FITT outlines the key components of an effective exercise program, and the initials F, I, T, T, stand for:

F - Frequency
I - Intensity
T - Time
T - Type

• Frequency ...refers to the frequency of exercise undertaken or how often you exercise.
• Intensity ...refers to the intensity of exercise undertaken or how hard you exercise.
• Time ...refers to the time you spend exercising or how long you exercise for.
• Type ...refers to the type of exercise undertaken or what kind of exercise you do.

What is the Mainstream Recommendation?
The FITT Principle is most commonly used in the weight loss industry, although it's also used as part of strength and weight training recommendations. The standard recommendation is as follows.

Frequency - 5 to 6 times per week
Intensity - Moderate to high
Time - Anywhere from 15 to 40 minutes
Type - Just about any old exercise

Let's take a look at each of the components.

Frequency
Frequency is a key component of the FITT Principle. Remember that it's important to know why you're exercising and what you want to achieve before rushing into any exercise program.

Adjust the number of times you exercise per week to reflect your current fitness level, the time you realistically have available, your other commitments like family and work, and the goals you've set for yourself.

Intensity
This is an extremely important aspect of the FITT principle and is probably the hardest factor to monitor. The best way to gauge the intensity of your exercise is to monitor your heart rate.

There are a couple of ways to monitor your heart rate but the best way by far is to purchase an exercise heart rate monitor. These can be purchased at most good sports stores and retail from $50 to $400. They consist of an elastic belt that fits around your chest and a wrist watch that displays your exercise heart rate in beats per minute.

If you don't want to spend the money on a heart rate monitor, simply count your heart rate over a 15 second period. All you need is a wrist watch that has a "seconds" display. Feel for your heart beat by either placing your hand over your heart or by feeling for your pulse in your neck or on your wrist. Count the beats over a 15 second period and then multiply by 4. This will give you your exercise heart rate in beats per minute.

Time
The time you spend exercising is also an important part of the FITT Principle. The time dedicated to exercise usually depends on the type of exercise undertaken.

For example, it's recommended that to improve cardio-vascular fitness you'll need at least 20 to 30 minutes of non stop exercise. For weight loss, more time is required; at least 40 minutes of moderate weight bearing exercise. However, when talking about the time required for muscular strength improvements, time is often measured as a number of "sets" and "reps." A typical recommendation would be 3 sets of 8 reps.

Type
Like time, the type of exercise you choose will have a big effect on the results you achieve. That's why it's important to know what you want to gain from your efforts.

For example, if you're looking to improve your cardio-vascular fitness, then exercises like walking, jogging, swimming, bike riding, stair climbing, aerobics and rowing are very effective.

For weight loss, any exercise that using a majority of your large muscle groups will be effective. To improve muscular strength the best exercises include the use of free weights, machine weights and body weight exercises like push-ups, chin-ups and dips.

How does all this relate to Injury Prevention?
The two biggest mistakes I see people make when designing an exercise program, is firstly training too hard, and secondly, not including enough variety.

The problem, most commonly, is that people tend to find an exercise they like and very rarely do anything other than that exercise. This can result in long term, repetitive strain to the same muscle groups, and neglect, or weakening of other muscle groups. Leading to a very unbalanced muscular system, which is a sure-fire recipe for injury.

When using the FITT Principle to design your exercise program keep the following in mind.

Frequency
After you finish exercising your body goes through a process of rebuilding and repair. It's during this process that the benefits of your exercise are forthcoming.

However, if you're exercising on a daily basis (5 to 6 times a week) your body never has a decent chance to realise the benefits and gains from the exercise. What usually happens is that you end up getting tired or injured and just quit.

My frequency recommendation:
Only exercise 3 to 4 times a week MAXIMUM!

This may sound strange and a little hard to do at first, (because most people have been brainwashed into believing that they have to exercise everyday) but after a while exercising like this becomes very enjoyable and something that you can look forward to. Sure beats dragging yourself out the door everyday because you feel guilty about taking a day off every now and then.

It also dramatically reduces your likelihood of injury because you're giving your body more time to repair and heal. Many elite level athletes have seen big improvements in performance when forced to take an extended break. Most never realize they're training too hard, too often.

Intensity, Time & Type
The key here is variety. Don't let yourself get stuck in an exercise rut.

In regards to intensity and time, vary your effort. Dedicate some of your workouts to long, easy sessions like long walks or light, repetitive weights. While other sessions can be made up of short, high intensity exercises like stair climbing or interval training. And remember, if you're not feeling 100%; take the day off or schedule an easy workout.

The type of exercise you do is also very important. Like I said earlier, many people get into a routine of doing the same exercise over and over again. If you really want to lower your risk of injury, do a variety of different exercises. This will help to improve all your major muscle groups and will make you a more versatile, all round athlete. Cross training is a great way of adding variety to your workout schedule.

If you enjoyed this issue of The Stretching & Sports Injury Report, please feel free to forward it to others, make it available for download from your site or post it on forums for others to read. Please make sure the following paragraph and URL are included.

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Article by Brad Walker. Brad is a leading stretching and
sports injury consultant with nearly 20 years experience
in the health and fitness industry. For more articles on
stretching, flexibility and sports injury, please visit
The Stretching Institute.
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